BI 112 Review terms for Exam III

BI 112 Review terms for Exam III, Spring 2006
CH 43 The Immune System
What are the “specific” vs. the “nonspecific” mechanisms of defense? How do antibodies defend the body against invading pathogens? Acquired Immunity AIDS Anaphylatic Shock antibodies antigen Antigen presentation Antigen receptors Antibody-Mediated Immunity Autoimmune disorders B-cells bone marrow cell mediated immunity Clonal Selection cytotoxic T-cells Effector cells Epinephrine fever	helper T-cells histamine HIV humoral immunity Inflammatory Response Innate Immunity lymph lymph nodes lymphocytes lysozyme Macrophages Major histocompatibility Complex molecules (MHC molecules) Mast Cells memory cells Neutrophils Nonspecific Defenses phagocytic cells Plasma Cells Specific Defenses T-cells Thymus gland vaccination

CH 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion
Match the three main types of nitrogenous waste [i.e., ammonia, urea, uric acid] with the type of animal that excretes it primarily. What is the benefit for animals that produce urea as final nitrogenous waste instead of allowing ammonia to remain the final form? And the benefit for those animals that produce uric acid rather than ammonia as final form? Where does the conversion of ammonia to other forms take place? The organ that actually excretes nitrogenous waste depends on what kind of animal you are. For fish, ______ are very important in the removal of nitrogenous waste. For terrestrial animals it is: Malpighian tubules in ______, various types of nephridia (e.g. protonephridia & metanephridia) in various types of ______________________, and kidneys in vertebrates. Know the significance (i.e. function) and morphology of the following: renal artery, renal vein, renal tubule, renal pelvis, ureter, urethra, nephron, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, distil tubule, loop of Henle and its two limbs descending and ascending, collecting duct, renal cortex, renal medulla. Where in the nephron does secretion take place? Water is reabsorbed in all but which portion of the nephron? The reabsorption of _______ in the ascending loop of Henle lowers the osmolarity of the filtrate making possible a second opportunity for water reabsorption in the collecting duct.. Where does filtration occur and is this before or after reabsorption and secretion? Where in the Kidney does variable water reabsorption take place? Urine is the product of kidney function that is finally eliminated from the body. Of what does urine consist? How do fresh water fish hypertonic (i.e. hyperosmotic) to fresh water cope with maintaining a constant internal water balance? How do salt water fish, hypotonic (i.e. hypoosmotic) to seawater, cope with maintaining a constant internal water balance? What role does the Hypothalamus play in maintaining water balance in mammals? What is ADH and what effect does it bring about? Other terms: hibernation diuresis anhydrobiosis tardigrades nematodes rotifers osmoconformers

CH 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System
Where in the body are the endocrine glands located? The endocrine glands: adrenal medulla; adrenal cortex; pancreas; thymus; thyroid gland, parathyroid glands; gonads; hypothalamus (actually part of brain) & pituitary gland. Know the action (and the source gland) of the following hormones: ADH, glucagon, insulin, epinephrine, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, corticosteriods, T₄ and T₃, sex hormones. What is “signal transduction?” How is the action of steroid hormones different from most protein hormones? Other terms: negative feedback antagonistic hormones goiter alpha cells beta cells Type I diabetes mellitus Type II diabetes mellitus